Online Psychometric Test Mini-Course: Lesson 3
Online Psychometric Testing Mini-Course: Session 3
In this session we will explore the following:
1. Why psychometric tests are used and how they are useful. We will do this by referring mainly to alternative methods of assessment.
The short answer to the first part of the above question is that psychometric tests are used because (assuming they are well designed tests) they are a reliable and valid means of assessing people. We will discuss in a future session exactly what is mean by reliability and validity when applied to psychometrics.
Let’s consider a few alternatives to psychometric tests and highlight this issue further.
Unstructured Interviews
Most candidates who apply for a job will expect to have an interview at some stage of the process and indeed, most organisations will work an interview into the process. However, how useful is this interview for predicting performance on the job? This depends a lot on the training of those who will be interviewing. Many people who conduct interviews have never been trained. Perhaps one day a boss asked them to go and interview a candidate for a job and it continued from there. They may have years of experience but experience and competence are not the same. Most people who interview use what is known as the traditional interview. It is also sometimes called an unstructured interview. The idea is that this is a time to meet with and get to know the job applicant. Often the interviewer is thinking things such as:
“Let’s see if he has a firm handshake.“
“Let’s see if he looks me in the eye.”
“I’ll ask him what he does in his spare time.”
The problem is that none of the answers to these questions will predict performance at work. So what if I have a limp handshake? Donald Trump (very successful property tycoon) does not even like to shake hands – he’s worried about germs! Imagine him at a job interview. The shake would be very limp if at all. In some cultures it’s rude to look people in the eye – so we cannot go assuming that those who avoid eye contact will not be good performers or that they are dishonest or hiding something. As for spare time, what about somebody who puts together model cars or aeroplanes on the weekend, does it mean that will be a good designer or engineer. No, this may simply be a low level weekend interest and not something that would keep them entertained as a career. Not to mention the fact that in some parts of the world it’s actually illegal to ask about people’s hobbies in a job selection process!
The point to grasp then is that often the people conducting interviews have little or no training and are running unstructured interviews that have little relevance to job performance and therefore lack both reliability and validity. However, the suggestion is not that we remove interviews totally!
Structured Interviews
Research has shown that interviews have good reliability and validity when run in a particular way by those who have undergone thorough training. These are called structured interviews. The idea here is to align the interview questions to the competencies required of the candidate to be successful in the job. Then the interviewer asks the same or very similar questions to each candidate based on job requirements. Behavioural interviews are one type of structured interview. The questions are designed to elicit a high level of evidence that the candidate has displayed the behaviour associated with competent performance over repeated occasions in the past. Another type of structured interview is Situational interviewing – here the candidate is asked what they would do in certain situations. Situational interviews are generally less valid than Behavioural interviews. The biggest problem with getting HR and Consultants to run structured interviews is the need for training. PsyAsia used to run a 2-day course in behavioural interviewing, but our clients in Asia told us that would require too much time out of the workplace. We thus reduced this to a one-day course (see our behaviour-based interviewing course here if interested) but whilst this satisfies the big decision makers it really only serves as an introduction to interviewing. There needs to be more communication and understanding between HR and those who hold the purse-strings in Asia if we are to increase competence in this area!
Psychometric Tests and Structured Interviews
So thus far, we pointed out that interviews can be reliable and valid but that can only happen if the interviewers have been appropriately trained and where using structured interviews; preferably a behavioural interview. Those using psychometric tools also need to be appropriately trained in order to ensure they remain reliable and valid tools. Assuming training and competence requirements are met for both tests and interviews, why use tests?
Psychometric tests are able to cover a lot more ground in far less time. Aptitude tests give us an indication of numerical, verbal and spatial skills in 18 minutes if using modern tests like the Saville Consulting Aptitude range. There’s no way we could discover this information in even a one-hour interview! Personality assessments can sample and assess personality traits relevant to performance on the job. The average completion time for good personality assessments is 30-40 minutes. There also a few good faster tools available which take around 20 minutes. The amount of information gleaned in this short period of time is a credit to the developers of psychometric tests. However, with particular regard to personality testing, it is necessary to confirm the profile with behavioural evidence from the candidate. So, whilst the profile may suggest somebody who really enjoys multi-tasking, this becomes a basis for an interview question (assuming this is required by the job).
In essence then, psychometric tests are useful because they provide so much more information than an interview can provide in a much shorter period of time. They have been designed by experts using modern statistical techniques aligned with modern personality research and theory. However, psychometric tests are only part of the story and a well designed interview using competent interviewers will add incremental validity to the assessment process. The interview will serve to confirm (or refute) the psychometric profile and provide rich behavioural evidence (that cannot be recorded by psychometric tests) that the person can perform at the level required by the person specification.
Other Methods of Assessment
So far we’ve only looked at different types of interview as an alternative or as complimentary to the assessment process. How about other methods of assessment?
Application forms
We all need to complete one of these to show our intention to apply for a job. Realistically though they are there for this reason alone. They serve as a record of information which the organisation deems important to hold on the individual. Current application forms hold no value as selection tools with the exception perhaps of educational and experiential background. This can be changed by designing application forms that elicit only job relevant responses and preparing a scoring system for the from even before sending it out.
CV/Resume
Candidates like to send their CV/Resume because many people have these on file and it’s easy to quickly update it and print it off on a per-job basis. However, again these are not particularly useful in selection. Research shows that decision-makers are often seduced by smart graphics as well as vocab which sells the applicant by over-inflating their achievements. It’s also possible to lie in a CV, although research has shown that most people don’t lie about their educational qualifications or experience as they know the prospective employer can check up on this. What they do tend to lie about or at least mislead about is their level of competence. We suggest that CVs are not used at any stage of the selection process.
Assessment Centres (ACs)
This is where the candidate is invited to a physical location to partake in a number of exercises with other candidates. Most ACs last a day and during that time the candidates will undergo both group and individual exercises such as presentation exercises, negotiation exercises or in-tray exercises. Assessment Centres have been shown to be highly valid and reliable methods of selection when using well trained assessors.
PsyAsia runs training in Assessment Centres and we also offer consultancy in Assessment Centre Design
References
References lack validity in the assessment process and yet organisations continue to request them! Typically a candidate will not give a potential employer the name of somebody who will give them a poor or perhaps even an honest reference. The tendency is to only offer names of those who they trust will give a great reference. On the other hand, if the current employer really wants the candidate to move on they may fake the reference, making the candidate appear almost angelic! Does this mean we should not use references in the selection process? No. It is possible to improve upon the use of references by designing work–related reference forms that elicit behavioural evidence from the previous employer that is in line with the competency requirements of the new job. However, this may lower the response rate as the referee really needs to think about actual behaviours and write them down rather than sending the standard “he’s a great guy” reference.
Graphology
Most organisations aren’t into this, but an alarmingly high percentage of French organisations are! The idea here is that various personality traits can be seen via somebody’s handwriting. Those traits can then be linked to performance at work. So for somebody that writes with very bold strokes, the graphologist may say they are ambitious. This would be good for a salesperson. However, research has shown a lack of reliability in this method. Not only do people write differently depending on their mood, their culture, their upbringing and so on, but graphologists given the same handwriting to analyse often do not agree with each other about the personality traits of the writer! Graphology thus should not be used as a selection tool.
Phrenology
Phrenologists assume that different aspects of personality are stored in different parts of the brain and that where somebody has more of a particular characteristic, the corresponding part of the brain will be larger and hence cause protrusions on the head! The idea would be that you measure different bumps and indentations on your candidates and then project their personality from that. Of course, this method holds no validity and brain imaging tools such as fMRI and PET scans have refuted it.
Astrology
In Asia, people use astrology to help them decide auspicious dates for business openings, functions, weddings and so on. Does it work for job applicants? No! The idea that people born at the same time, in the same place, where the alignment of stars and planets are similar will work in the same way does not hold any weight. Don’t hire employees based on their star signs!
Psychometric Tests and other Selection Methods
As you can see, there are many ways we can assess people. However each method varies in terms of reliability and validity. Assessment Centres hold very high reliability and validity if done properly, but they are expensive, require lots of resources and skills to run and only assess 6-12 people at a time. We’ve already said that structured interviews are good but again, they take time and resources. Psychometric tools do cost money. However the cost is offset by the number of candidates that can be assessed and the information that can be gathered in the assessment compared to other selection methods. Don’t forget, an interviewer’s time is costly. A panel interview with 3 interviewers is likely to cost around 2-3 times the fee of a psychometric test and yet will not gather as much information. Not to mention the fact that if you are using the right psychometric tool, it’s reliability and validity will already have been assessed and will be good. Whereas we tend to assume that interviews will be reliable and valid if run by trained people – this is rarely tested!
Psychometric Tests for development, coaching, careers advice and team-building
This lesson has focussed on the use of psychometric tests in candidate selection. However, much of what has been raised applies to the use of tests in other scenarios. For example, in careers advice, psychometric tools allow the counsellor to offer advice which is based on a systematic assessment of the individual’s aptitude and personality alongside the information already on file such as achievements thus far, previous experience, educational qualifications and so forth. In coaching, development and team-building, psychometric tools often serve as a reliable and valid basis for the discussion. Not using these tools means the initiator starts off with far less information and is likely to be less systematic. Psychometrics enables the initiator to work from a validated model and a holistic assessment of the people being developed and not to base interventions and advice on subjective insights.
Interested in learning more about psychometric testing for HRM? Keep reading – your next free session is not far away! To ensure you don’t miss a single instalment, we suggest you follow-us on twitter as each new post will be announced there. You may also like to join our face-to-face psychometric training courses in Singapore or Hong Kong – these range from simple introductory courses through to Certification Courses such as the BPS Level A and BPS Level B Certificates of Competence in Occupational Testing. Not in Singapore or Hong Kong? No problem – we also offer both recorded and live online training in psychometrics! For full details please see here or email us.
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BPS Level A Singapore | BPS Level B Singapore | Meet Facilitator Online
PsyAsia International is delighted to offer a free one hour session for those interested in our Psychometric Assessment at Work Course to meet with the course facilitator online and ask any questions you may have. The agenda is set by attendees based on the questions you enter when registering! We’ll also show you some course slides along with snippets from the course workbooks and manual.
This complimentary session is for anybody seriously interested in attending our October BPS Level A and B Psychometric Assessment course in Singapore. We only accept registrations from corporate email addresses and from those entering truthful data in the registration. We’ve set the start time just at the end of your working day so as not to take you away from your duties!
Our Psychometric Assessment at Work Course is run by award-winning and published registered organisational psychologist Dr. Graham Tyler. Dr. Tyler is a joint resident of Singapore and Hong Kong and has extensive experience of researching and applying psychometric tests throughout Asia.
System Requirements
PC-based attendees
Required: Windows® 7, Vista, XP, 2003 Server or 2000
Macintosh®-based attendees
Required: Mac OS® X 10.4.11 (Tiger®) or newer
Reserve your Webinar seat now at:
https://www1.gotomeeting.com/register/952454336
Online Psychometric Testing Mini-Course: Session 2
In this session we will explore the following:
1. The different categories of psychometric tests
Different categories of psychometric tests
There are two major categories of psychometric tests:
Tests of MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE
and
Tests of TYPICAL BEHAVIOUR
Maximum Performance Tests
Tests of Maximum performance include tests that have right and wrong answers. This means aptitude tests, ability tests and attainment tests. It’s possible to break down the category of maximum performance tests further by distinguishing between Speed Tests and Power Tests. A speed test is more common in occupational testing. It is a test that has a time limit. The idea is that most candidates will not complete all questions by the end of the allotted time. Candidates will trade off speed with accuracy. It is quite conceivable however that candidates would do somewhat better if they were allowed more time. On the contrary, power tests are not timed. The idea here is that you either know the subject matter or you don’t and that even if you were given more time your score would be unlikely to improve. As an example, I know nothing about quantum physics. If you sit me in a room and ask me to sit a test on this topic I won’t do well – I’ll do badly and I’ll do badly irrespective of how long you give me to complete the test!
So, what is the difference between the main types of maximum performance tests?
Aptitude Tests
These assessments are future looking. They ask if the candidate has the aptitude to do something in the future, perhaps after a period of education or experience. If I want to know if my graduate respondent will make a good leader I may ask him to sit a number of aptitude tests. I am quite certain that the recent graduate will not be able to be a leader right now. But that is not what I am asking. I need to know if after a few years of on-the-job experience and leadership development training this person has the aptitude to be a successful leader. An example of an aptitude test would be Saville Consulting’s Swift Analysis Aptitude Test or their Customer Aptitudes Test.
Ability Tests
In the aptitude example above I noted that I know my recent graduate will not make a good leader now. Ability tests are about the “here and now”. They tell us what the candidate is able to do now. Ability tests appear at the top of the hierarchy in maximum performance assessment. An example of an ability test would be the General Ability Test (GAT) or the Graduate and Managerial Assessment (GMAT).
Attainment Tests
These are the tests that you are probably more familiar with. The tests we sit during our schooling and university years are attainment tests. The question is: following this period of learning, how much does the person now know? So, GCSE tests, A’Levels, University Degrees, Pilot Licence Tests, Piano Tests and so on are all examples of attainment tests.
However, just as you are beginning to think this isn’t too difficult to understand, let me add a thought for you! It is possible for a single test to actually be any of the above 3 categories depending on how you intend to use it! For example, if you have just completed a training course for apprentice mechanics and then give them a mechanical aptitude test in order to assess their learning, you are actually using it in a similar way to an attainment test. If you didn’t train these apprentices and you wish to see if they have the aptitude to be good mechanics and you have them sit this test, you are using it as an aptitude test. If you are about to select a mechanic who needs to perform right now without further training you could use this same test as an ability test!
Typical Behaviour Tests
These are not really tests in the purest sense because with typical behaviour (also called typical performance) there is no right or wrong. In view of this we try to speak about questionnaires and assessments for this category instead of tests! This category includes personality assessments and interest questionnaires.
Personality Assessments
These obviously assess personality. Some personality assessments assess a few types of personality and these are called PERSONALITY TYPE assessments (for example, the Myers Briggs Type Indicator – MBTI or the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire – EPQ). Other personality assessments assess traits. A type is a collection of traits. A trait is a relatively enduring characteristic of the person (such as extraversion or resilience) which can be used to predict behaviours. Trait tools are able to assess at a finer level and this is one reason why type tools should not be used in assessment for selection decisions despite being useful guides in development and team-building. Trait tools can be further split into 2 more categories – NARROWBAND and BROADBAND. Broadband Personality Questionnaires assess traits broadly – this means there are overall fewer traits to assess – perhaps 5 or 6 in total. An example of a broadband personality tool is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Narrowband tools assess more traits/contain more scales. They typically assess each scale with fewer questions than broadband instruments. Some narrowband assessments may have around 16 scales (e.g., the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire – 16PF) whilst others may have around double that, for example the Identity Personality Questionnaire and the Apollo Profile assess 36 and 34 scales respectively. A benefit of narrowband tools is their ability to assess at a very specific level within the person. This enables a more valid prediction of workplace performance. However, broadband personality tools have their own advantage which is that because they contain more questions per scale/trait – reliability for each scale/trait is generally higher than with narrowband tools. We’ll discuss reliability and validity in detail later in the course.
Note: Some personality assessments were not developed specifically for workplace assessment but are nonetheless used in workplace selection and development (e.g., 16PF, MMPI) whilst other questionnaires were developed specifically to be used in workplace selection and development (e.g., Apollo, OPQ32, Hogan Personality Inventory)
Interest Questionnaires
As the name implies, these tools assess the respondent’s interest in various aspects of the working world in a structured and meaningful way and are therefore typically used in career counselling. They are also used in selection assessment to ascertain whether the candidate will comfortably fit the particular organisation they are applying to work in. For example, if I am interested in doing structured work in a well structured organisation I may not be very happy working for an organisation which values spontaneity and creativity. Some personality assessments also report on the respondent’s interest by way of “derived scales”. Derived scales come about by way of predicting statistically what the respondent would score in particular areas (such as interest) based on how they responded to the general personality assessment. An example of an Interest Questionnaire is the Strong Interest Inventory. An example of a personality questionnaire that uses derived interest scales is the Identity Self-perception Questionnaire.
Interested in learning more about psychometric testing for HRM? Keep reading – your next free session is not far away! To ensure you don’t miss a single instalment, we suggest you follow-us on twitter as each new post will be announced there. You may also like to join our face-to-face psychometric training courses in Singapore or Hong Kong – these range from simple introductory courses through to Certification Courses such as the BPS Level A and BPS Level B Certificates of Competence in Occupational Testing. Not in Singapore or Hong Kong? No problem – we also offer both recorded and live online training in psychometrics! For full details please see here or email us.
DO NOT COPY OR SAVE THIS ARTICLE TO YOUR COMPUTER.
THIS ARTICLE IS CLEARED FOR PUBLISHING ON PSYCHOLOGY1 GROUP SITES ONLY. IT REMAINS COPYRIGHT AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OF PSYASIA INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD. YOU ARE NOT AUTHORIZED TO PUBLISH IT ON ANY OTHER SITE. YOU ARE NOT PERMITTED TO COPY/PASTE THIS ARTICLE OR TO SAVE IT TO YOUR LOCAL DRIVE. YOU ARE ONLY PERMITTED TO READ IT ONLINE AT OUR WEBSITE. VIOLATION OF THESE TERMS WILL RESULT IN BANNING OF OFFENDING IPS AND LEGAL ACTION FOR THOSE WHO REPUBLISH THIS ARTICLE WHETHER IT BE WITH OR WITHOUT A REFERENCE TO THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR.
BPS Level A & B Certificates of Competence in Occupational Testing Singapore – October Training Dates
British Psychological Society (BPS) Level A & B Certificates of Competence in Occupational Testing / Psychometric Assessment at Work Course
20 October 2010 – 27 October 2010 (weekend excluded) (5-day option also available)
Conrad Centennial Hotel, Singapore
**Please register early – previous courses have been fully booked up to 8 weeks before the start date**
Introduction
Train for BPS Level A and B Certificates of Competence in Occupational Testing in Singapore with the company that won an international quality award in 2010; the company which brought regular BPS Certification training to Singapore; and the company which uses a British Psychological Society Award-Winning Dr. of Psychology to facilitate the course!
This intensive professional course provides training in psychometric assessment in the workplace, leading to the fulfilment of requirements for the British Psychological Society Certificates of Competence in Occupational Testing – BPS Levels A & B. After successful completion of the course, delegates are qualified to order, administer, score, interpret and feedback on a complete range of ability, aptitude and personality questionnaires. They will also be able to apply for the British Psychological Society’s Certificates which means the holder will be recognised internationally as having trained to the highest levels in the practical application of psychometric tests.
PsyAsia International is renowned by Human Resource professionals and organisational psychologists throughout Asia for being the leader in psychometric training in the region. Whilst many overuse the term “leader”, PsyAsia demonstrates their position with tangibles. Recent innovations include moving of training to online mediums, blended learning for the BPS Level A and B and an online learning centre where delegates get immediate access to forums, chat with other delegates, virtual receptions with the facilitator and other course members, downloads of recorded training and more.
Dates:
20-22 October 2010: Level A
25-27 October 2010: Level B
Delegates may also opt to attend online training over 3 evenings instead of attending on 20 October, reducing total time away from the office to 5 days. Furthermore, delegates may choose to undertake Level A in October and place Level B on hold until Q1 of 2011 for no additional fee.
Key Learning Objectives for Level A
Delegates will be able to:
• Register with all UK and many international test publishers to purchase tests and know what to look for and avoid in Singapore. With many poorly developed tests and non-psychologist distributors in Singapore this is crucial!
• Understand the range and types of psychometric tests available.
• Know when to use tests, and importantly – when not to.
• Decide which tests are appropriate for a particular situation, be it selection, development, coaching or team-building.
• Conduct a job analysis and identify the assessment requirements.
• Have an appreciation of other assessment methods such as assessment centres or behavioural interviews.
• Administer, score and interpret aptitude tests.
• Make informed decisions using psychometric test results.
• Provide quality feedback to clients and candidates.
• Integrate tests into a wider recruitment or assessment process.
• Have a sound grasp of statistical concepts used in testing.
• Appreciate the importance of test reliability and validity and be able to assess it.
Key Learning Objectives for Level B
Delegates will be able to:
• Increase their awareness and understanding of individual differences between people.
• Integrate the use of personality assessments into selection and development activities.
• Decide which questionnaires are appropriate for particular situations.
• Administer, score and interpret personality data.
• Provide professional selection feedback to both candidates and recruiting customers.
• Coach individuals to develop using personality information.
• Use personality questionnaire information to support structured interviewing.
• Critically assess the value of different tools for specific purposes.
• Identify and reject inflated claims of validity – so-called ‘Barnum’ or ‘horoscope’ effects.
• Relate personality factors to organisations’ core competencies.
• Design and write selection reports for recruiting clients / managers.
• Design and write development reports to aid self-awareness of clients / managers.
• Maintain appropriate records and data for audit, research and feedback purposes.
• Demonstrate professional Best Practice and compliance with employment legislation.
See the course webpage for a full day-by-day syllabus.
No Exams!
At the current time it is up to individual course providers to decide how to assess their delegates; some may use exams whilst others use workbooks and other assessments. At the current time, there is no exam requirement for our Level A and B training in Singapore; we find that our delegates prefer this. Instead we assess via a workbook and practical exercises.
Facilitator
This course is facilitated by PsyAsia International’s resident director, Dr. Graham Tyler. Dr. Tyler is well known in Asia for his expertise and work in psychometrics. His PhD was by way of a double-scholarship award from the Australian Government and focussed on psychometric assessment, personality and performance at work in Asia. Dr. Tyler is a fully Registered Organisational Psychologist, a Chartered Scientist, a consultant/trainer to numerous Singapore Government departments and Fortune 500 companies and a university lecturer. He is a published author in Singapore-based publications (Straits Times, Human Capital Plus, Human Resources) and peer-reviewed journals such as the International Journal of Selection and Assessment, the BPS Selection and Development Review and The Occupational Psychologist. He is a reviewer for scientific journals and conferences and a supervisor for Intern Psychologists on behalf of Australian and local Universities. Dr. Tyler was the first to bring regular training leading to the British Psychological Society’s Certificates of Competence in Occupational Testing to Singapore in 2002 having introduced them to Dubai prior to that. His work with Psychometric Tests has received recognition from the British Psychological Society with an award for Scientific Contribution to Psychology. Plentiful delegate reviews of Dr. Tyler’s training can be seen at the course webpage.
Additional Benefits
The course facilitator and our psychologist consultants are based locally, this means that we can blend the BPS syllabus with knowledge and experience of local laws, culture and practices and that even when the course ends expert psychologists will be nearby to offer ongoing support. Given that we are not a training reseller, we don’t need to ship in overseas facilitators. As a result, we can be flexible in terms of our course offerings. Delegates can choose which parts of the course to sit and when – no need to attend all 6 days at once! You may attend Level A in October and then Level B in 2011. You can even start out by attending our 2-day Identity Accreditation Course or study our Online Test Administration Course and have those count towards your Level A/B! Finally, because we are local there is no need to send your follow-up work overseas for marking. You can essentially finish Level B as soon as you are ready – and don’t hang around for your results – we guarantee to mark your work within 10 days, although most is marked within 2-3 days of receipt – you can check our online performance review for recent dates!
Furthermore, because we are not a test publisher, our training is unbiased and we introduce many tests (both good and bad) to delegates. In addition to this, for those delegates who wish to study and be accredited in numerous tests, we offer 50% discount off our Saville Consulting Wave® one-day training which follows Level B (60% if you book before 30 July). Of course, we include Identity Questionnaire and Apollo Profile accreditation in the A/B fee as standard for all delegates. That’s not all! In addition to the SG$1200+ of materials we give you on the course (which include an online test system with starter credits), all delegates will receive a 30% discount on any Identity Personality Assessment products purchased within 1 month of their qualification and a 10% discount on all other non-discounted products which we offer. There’s even more, but we’ll save some surprises for the course!
More details
The Psychometric Assessment at Work Course in Singapore
http://www.psyasia.com/psychometric_test_training_course.php
Other Psychometric Training Courses in Singapore from PsyAsia International
http://www.psyasia.com/psychometric_training.php
Please follow the links at the web pages to register online. For any queries not addressed at the website, kindly call us on 6329 9629 or email us via http://www.psyasia.com/email
Online Psychometric Test Mini-Course: Lesson 1
Welcome to our first session in Psychometric Testing!
In this first session we will explore the following:
1. What is a psychometric test?
2. A brief background of psychometric testing.
What is a psychometric test? How are they developed?
Let’s start out by telling you what a psychometric test is not!
You may have come across various different online tests. Not all of them are psychometric. Whether they are or not will depend on how they were designed, for what purpose and what they intend to measure. For example, you may have come across the Thematic Apperception Test or the Rorshach Inkblot Test. These tests are used mainly in clinical settings. The client is asked to look at scenes or pictures and to articulate what they see. Such tests are supposed to be able to assess the unconscious mind. However, interpretation is not as objective as we would like to see in occupational testing and assessment. Furthermore, what the client “sees” may be based on external factors such as culture, upbringing or season of the year.
Psychometric Tests are different! They are defined as quantitative (numerical) assessments of one or more psychological (in the head) attributes. So, psychometric tests are used to assess in a quantitative way things like numerical reasoning skills, verbal aptitude, extroversion, conscientiousness and so on. That alone does not make a test psychometric of course. In order to be psychometric the test must have been designed to be:
1. Administered in a standardised manner
2. Scored in a standardised manner
3. Interpreted in a standardised manner
4. Constructed according to psychometric principles
You’ll see later how important standardisation is throughout the use of psychometric tools. In fact standardisation is a critical element of all scientific HR processes.
As for being constructed according the psychometric principles, what we mean here is that the test must have gone through each aspect of a very scientific development process. It is not good enough to simply write down a few questions, produce a flashy report and start selling a new test! This is the process it must go through:
a. Development of a rationale behind the test that is supported by research. For example – if I decide to develop a new test of extroversion, the scientific research literature and models must inform the design of my questions and the aspects of extroversion that I attempt to assess.
b. Next I need to write some experimental questions. At this stage I’ll write more questions than I intend to have in the final version of my test because I am prepared to throw some out based on feedback.
c. Now I’ll find a sample of people (who represent the group I am designing the test for) and I’ll ask this sample to complete my experimental test. In other words, I pilot my test.
d. Next I head back to my office and assess the responses and how they relate to each other statistically. At this stage I am running item analysis to test that similar questions (items) are indeed related to each other in the way I would expect. More on this later. The point to grasp now is that this is an iterative process. Things won’t be perfect the first time around. Based on the statistics I’ll need to remove some questions, refine others and then go back to point C. I’ll do this again and again until I am happy with the statistics I get at point D!
e. Now that my test questions are performing well I need to enter a standardisation phase. Here, a larger group of people will complete my test and that will show me where people tend to score on the test. This group will become my benchmark or norm group later and add meaning to the scores of future test-takers.
f. The next question is “Does my new test actually assess what it is supposed to assess and/or does it predict something meaningful?”. As an example, you would expect my numerical reasoning test to predict success of accountant trainees. This stage is called Validation, we are assessing the validity of the test or whether it is fit for purpose.
g. Now, we all know from science classes at school that all good experiments end with a write-up! That’s exactly what we do at the final stage of psychometric test development. We need to write up all of the above stages in a long document which is called the test’s technical manual. It is this manual that prospective clients with reputable training in psychometrics will consult before purchasing a psychometric test. So, if your test publisher tells you they don’t have such a document, it might be wise to stay away from them. On the other hand – do expect to pay for the manual. Some publishers will offer them free of charge but others will require a fee.
Based on the above, hopefully you can see that developing tests well takes time and effort. It is for this reason that good tests are usually not cheap! Not only that. The test is not static. People change, norms change and so validities may even change. The publisher cannot put the test on the shelf and forget as if it were a book they wrote years ago. This is why usually clients will pay a fee per test report or per candidate whenever they use the test. If you are attracted by free or very cheap internet-based tests you could be making a costly mistake. Particularly if you plan using the test in candidate selection for your business.
What is the history of psychometric testing?
Let’s give you a very brief background at this stage. Something that I find interesting being based in Asia and often working with Western-developed tests is the role Asia has in the development of psychometric tests for assessment at work! If it had not been for the Chinese Cultural Revolution, China may actually be far more advanced in this field than the West because China certainly was testing for individual differences before such testing was recorded in Europe or the USA. The Chinese government believed it important to test for entrants to the Civil Service more than 4000 years ago! However, at the time of the Cultural Revolution, this sort of assessment was outlawed as being too bourgeoisie.
This paved the way for the West to develop individual difference assessment and one of the first names to crop up in textbooks is French Psychologist Binet who around 1905 coined the term IQ. His application of testing was of course more related to education. The World Wars saw an increase in and marked use of psychological assessment for selection decisions. Here people were forcibly recruited into the army through conscription. The arduous task for decision-makers was where best to place these newcomers. The Army Alpha and Army Beta tests assisted in answering this question. Although successful for war-time placements, the same tests used in peacetime by commercial organisations gained a poor reputation as they worked less well (they were not designed for this application).
Nowadays tests are used extensively in organisations to assist in selection and development decisions as well as team-building, career guidance and performance appraisal. Reputable test publishers go out of their way to assess their tests and ensure they are free from bias and that they work to do the job they were designed to do. Tests are useful decision-making tools although they should never be used on their own. You’ll find out why later. One of the biggest problems we face in Asia is an influx of poorly designed tests along with non-psychologist distributors who know little about psychology and psychometrics. In this course you’ll learn more about this, how to spot good from bad and above all you’ll gain the confidence to make competent decisions about using the best psychometric test for your purpose.
Interested in learning more about psychometric testing for HRM? Keep reading – your next free session is not far away! To ensure you don’t miss a single instalment, we suggest you follow-us on twitter as each new post will be announced there. You may also like to join our face-to-face psychometric training courses in Singapore or Hong Kong – these range from simple introductory courses through to Certification Courses such as the BPS Level A and BPS Level B Certificates of Competence in Occupational Testing. Not in Singapore or Hong Kong? No problem – we also offer both recorded and live online training in psychometrics! For full details please see here or email us.
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Online Psychometric Test Training – Free 10 Week Online Mini-Course Starts Soon
PsyAsia International is pleased to announce a free, 10-week mini-course in psychometric testing. The course is mainly text based and introduce the basics of psychometrics in 10 weekly articles. You’ll learn about what psychometrics is, where it came from, how it is useful, discrimination, reliability, validity, error and more. PsyAsia is Asia’s leading independent provider of psychometric tests and psychometric training. The course however will be invaluable to readers anywhere. It will be interesting for those in HRM or consulting roles using or considering psychometric tests as well as for those about to undergo testing.
To ensure you don’t miss a single instalment, we suggest you follow-us on twitter as each new post will be announced there.
Interested in learning more about psychometric testing for HRM? Keep reading – your first free session is only a week away! You may also like to join our face-to-face psychometric training courses in Singapore or Hong Kong - these range from simple introductory courses through to Certification Courses such as the BPS Level A and BPS Level B Certificates of Competence in Occupational Testing. Not in Singapore or Hong Kong? No problem – we also offer both recorded and live online training in psychometrics! For full details please see here or email us.
Online Training in Psychometric Personality Tests
Online Training in Psychometric Tests
Singapore-based Psychometric Test distributor PsyAsia International has announced that they will begin offering a live online training and accreditation program for the Apollo Profile from 1-4 June. The training will be run by an experienced business psychologist who is accredited with the Apollonean Institute to accredit users of this personality test.
One of the major benefits of Apollo over other personality assessments is that it compares the candidate’s scores on each of its 34 business personality scales to those who have been rated as excellent. Different comparison groups are available which means the client can compare their candidate(s) with excellent sales employees, call centre staff, supervisors, leaders and so on. Most personality assessments compare candidates with the average person rather than excellence and hence this makes Apollo a rarity as well as a highly-valid tool.
PsyAsia International has been offering world-class training in Asia since 2002. The company only uses fully qualified and registered organisational psychologists to ensure quality and competence. This means that PsyAsia’s psychologists typically have as much training as a medical doctor, not to mention the hours of professional development they are required to undergo each year! PsyAsia added online training to their repertoire in 2008 and followed this with their first live online training course at the end of 2009 – the Psychometric Test Administration Course.
The test administration course follows the British Psychological Society’s syllabus for their Certificates of Competence in Occupational Testing and allows the attendee to request that PsyAsia also assess them for the BPS Certificate in Occupational Test Administration. Training runs over 3 consecutive daily sessions of about 70-80 minutes, starting at 5pm Singapore/Hong Kong time which is 9am UCT/GMT. Each session is recorded and attendees can log-into PsyAsia’s online learning centre to view them as well as to chat with other attendees and post questions in the interactive forum.
The online training for the Apollo Profile will follow a similar format to the company’s Live Online Psychometric Test Administration Course. Apollo training will run over 4 consecutive daily sessions. There will be some pre-course work along with homework and a final piece of post-course work. Attendees without a background in psychometric testing will also need to complete the test administration course but there is no additional fee for this.
PsyAsia team member Cynthia Wong was asked to comment on who she thought would benefit from the training.
“Anybody who is interested in using a top-rate personality assessment such as the Apollo Profile will definitely benefit. This assessment has numerous uses which include recruitment/selection, development, team-building and career coaching. Moreover, those who may find it difficult or inconvenient to attend our face-to-face training in Asia now have an option to receive the same training and accreditation online.” said Ms. Wong.
Registration is now open for the June Apollo Profile sessions. Due to the online nature, attendees don’t need to be based in Asia. All training is conducted in English so registration is open to anybody who is able to make the time slots and credit cards are accepted. To register, simply follow the links on the course page at: http://www.psyasia.com/apollo_profile_accreditation_course.php
If you would like to find out more about the Apollo Profile, please see here: http://www.psyasia.com/personality_tests_apollo.php
You may also be interested in attending the free Apollo Profile webinar from Jim Bowden, the publisher, on 17 May. Full details at http://webinars.psyasia.com
Apollo Profile Personality Test Webinar
British Psychological Society Certificates of Competence in Occupational Testing – Level A and B – Singapore
British Psychological Society Certificates of Competence in
Occupational Testing - Level A and B
We are pleased to advise that the next run of training for PsyAsia International’s Psychometric Assessment at Work course which leads to fulfilment of the requirements of the British Psychological Society Certificates of Competence in Occupational Testing - Level A and B will be in Singapore on the following dates:
Level A: 9-11 June
Level B: 14-16 June
PsyAsia International’s course is run by our director, award-winning registered Psychologist, Dr. Graham Tyler. PsyAsia is the only provider of this course in Asia using resident facilitators. There are no exams with the PsyAsia course either, unlike some overseas providers! In addition, PsyAsia provides all delegates with access to the online learning centre to allow them to learn through recorded learning, interactive forums and even live sessions with the facilitator before the course even begins. Our training is well respected in Singapore and throughout the region as attested by the many positive reviews through the years published at the course webpage. Given that our March Level B course was fully booked 3 weeks before it went ahead, please do register early!
British Psychological Society Certificates of Competence in Occupational Testing in Singapore
